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Synanceia verrucosa in Indonesia
Stonefish

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Synanceia verrucosa   Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Family:	Synanceiidae (Stonefishes) , subfamily: Synanceiinae			picture (Syver_uc.jpg) by Adams, M.J.
Order:	Scorpaeniformes  (scorpionfishes and flatheads)
Class:	Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
FishBase name:	Stonefish
Max. size:	40.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; Ref. 3503); max. published weight: 2,400 g (Ref. 11441)
Environment:	reef-associated; non-migratory ; depth range - 30 m
Climate:	tropical; 30°N - 28°S
Global Importance:	fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial
Resilience:
Distribution:	Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to French Polynesia, north to the Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to Queensland, Australia.
Diagnosis:	Dorsal spines (total): 12-14; Dorsal soft rays (total): 5-7; Anal spines: 3-3; Anal soft rays: 5-6. Colors matching surroundings and extremely well-camouflaged (Ref. 48635). Pelvic and anal fins spines are similarly developed. 12-14 stout grooved spines, each with a large venom sack at its base (Ref. 37816).
Biology:	Most widespread stonefish (Ref. 4313). Found on sandy or rubble areas of reef flats and shallow lagoons and in small pools during low tide well camouflaged among the substrate and sometimes even covered with algae (Ref. 5213, 5503). Solitary species (Ref. 37816). Feeds on fishes and crustaceans. The dorsal fin has 2 grooves serving as seringes of venom; their stings are excruciatingly painful and can occasionally be fatal. A serum exists which is effective if applied immediately after the infliction. World's most venomous fish (Ref. 37816). Uncommon in markets. In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Also Ref. 57406
Threatened:	Not Evaluated, see IUCN Red List  , (Ref. 36508)
Dangerous:	venomous , Halstead, B.W., P.S. Auerbach and D.R. Campbell. 1990
Coordinator:
Main Ref:	Poss, S.G. and K.V. Rama Rao. 1984. (Ref. 3503)
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Indonesia country information
Common names:	Ikan batu, Reef stonefish		Ref:  Kuiter, R.H. and T. Tonozuka, 2001
Status:	native		Ref:
Salinity:	marine
Uses:	live export: live food
Comments:	Museum: LPPL JIF18 (TGT1020). From Bali Strait to Timor Sea. Also recorded from Raja Ampat Islands; with an Indonesian distribution from Papua to Sumatra (Ref. 47567). Also Ref. 48635.
Country Information:	www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/id.html
Occurrences:	Occurrences    Point map
Main Ref:	Gloerfelt-Tarp, T. and P.J. Kailola, 1984
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More information:	Countries FAO areas Occurrences Introductions Ecosystem Ecology Diet Food items Food consumption Ration Predators Ciguatera Fish loss Common names Synonyms Pictures Sounds Reproduction Maturity Spawning Eggs Egg dev. Larvae Larval dynamics References Growth L-W relationship L-L relationship Length frequencies Recruitment Max. age & size Metabolism Morphology Morphometrics Gill area Brains Vision Collaborators Genetics Allele frequencies Heritability Strains Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Diseases Ecotoxicology Processing Speed Swim. type Stamps
	Note: No data are available if label is black .
Tools:	Biogeographic modelling | Bio-Quiz | E-book | Field guide | Identification keys | Length-frequency Wizard | Life-history tool | Point map |
Internet sources:	BiOSC Point Data | CISTI | GMAD | Google | GOBASE | GenBank ( genome, nucleotide ) | National databases | PubMed | Recipes | Scirus | Public aquariums | Tree of Life | Zoological Record Check for FishWatcher | Check for other web sites | Check for Fish Forum |
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	Checked:  Capuli, Estelita Emily	Modified:  Sampang, Arlene G.	Entered:  Luna, Susan M.

	Ref.:				Glossary
		(e.g. 9948)				(e.g. cephalopods)
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Page created by: Eli, 20.10.03, last modified by Eli, 26.06.07